Copley Medal Winners List (1731-2026)

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Published Sep 17, 2026 Updated Sep 17, 2026 1 min read

Overview Award Winners Official Website Award Chart FAQs

Name	Copley Medal
Award For	Outstanding research in any branch of science
Award By	Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge
First Award	1731
First Awardee	Stephen Gray
Last Award	2026
Last Awardee	Bonnie Bassler
Total Awarded	286
Status	active
Official URL	https://royalsociety.org/medals-and-prizes/copley-medal/

About Copley Medal

The Copley Medal is the most prestigious award of the Royal Society of the United Kingdom, conferred "for sustained, outstanding achievements in any field of science". The award alternates between the physical sciences or mathematics and the biological sciences.

Copley Medal (1731-2026) Winners List

This Winners List features 286 winners of the Copley Medal, from 1731 to 2026.

Image	Year	Winner Name	Gender	Profession	Country

	2026	Bonnie Bassler	female	Molecular Biologist	United States
American molecular biologist at Princeton who discovered quorum sensing, revealing how bacteria communicate chemically to coordinate collective behaviors and infections. he win the Copley Medal for her discovery of the universality of chemical communication among bacteria, and for her dogma-overturning idea that interfering with bacterial communication could form the basis of completely novel anti-bacterials.
	2025	John Pendry	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
British theoretical physicist who pioneered metamaterials, inventing the concept of the invisibility cloak and the superlens for imaging beyond diffraction limits. For pioneering protein engineering, especially antibody engineering for the successful production of therapeutic antibodies.
	2024	Gregory Paul Winter	male	Molecular Biologist	United Kingdom
British molecular biologist who pioneered antibody engineering and phage display, enabling humanized therapeutic antibodies; shared the 2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. For work on the concept and designs of metamaterials that represent the greatest advance in electromagnetism since Faraday and Maxwell.
	2023	Martin Rees (The Lord Rees of Ludlow OM Kt HonFREng FRS) Also won: Albert Einstein World Award of Science (17 November 2003)	male	Astrophysicist / cosmologist	United Kingdom
British cosmologist and astrophysicist, the UK's 15th Astronomer Royal (1995-2025), former Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, and President of the Royal Society (2005-2010). Known for foundational work on black holes, quasars, galaxy formation, and existential risk (co-founded Cambridge's Centre for the Study of Existential Risk). Made a life peer as Baron Rees of Ludlow in 2005. Received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2003.
	2022	Oxford-AstraZeneca Vaccine Team		Vaccine research collaboration	United Kingdom
Collaboration of Oxford University scientists and AstraZeneca that rapidly developed and distributed the ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccine, saving millions of lives worldwide. For rapidly developing and deploying a COVID-19 vaccine.
	2021	Jocelyn Bell Burnell Also won: Breakthrough Prize (2018)	female	Astrophysicist	United Kingdom
Jocelyn Bell Burnell won the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics For fundamental contributions to the discovery of pulsars, and a lifetime of inspiring leadership in the scientific community.
	2020	Sir Alan Fersht FMedSci FRS	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist and pioneer of protein engineering, developing phi-value analysis to reveal mechanisms of protein folding and enzyme catalysis. He has developed and applied the methods of protein engineering to provide descriptions of protein folding pathways at atomic resolution, revolutionising our understanding of these processes.
	2019	Professor John Goodenough ForMemRS	male	Materials Scientist	United States
American materials scientist who identified lithium cobalt oxide as a cathode material, enabling the lithium-ion battery; 2019 Nobel Chemistry laureate. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his exceptional contributions to the science and technology of materials, including his discovery that led to rechargeable lithium batteries.
	2018	Professor Jeffrey Gordon	male	Microbiologist	United States
American biomedical scientist and father of microbiome research who showed gut microbiota shape nutrition, immunity, and childhood malnutrition outcomes. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to understanding the role of gut microbial communities to human health and disease.
	2017	Sir Andrew J. Wiles Also won: Abel Prize (2016)	male	Mathematician (number theory)	United Kingdom
Andrew Wiles is a British mathematician renowned for proving Fermat's Last Theorem in 1994-95 by establishing the modularity theorem for semistable elliptic curves. A professor at Princeton for decades and later Regius Professor at Oxford, he received the 2016 Abel Prize for his stunning proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, which opened new pathways within the Langlands program; he also holds the Copley Medal.
	2016	Dr Richard Henderson CH FMedSci FRS	male	Molecular Biologist	United Kingdom
British molecular biologist who pioneered cryo-electron microscopy for atomic-resolution imaging of biomolecules; shared the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisfundamental and revolutionary contributions to the development of electron microscopy of biological materials, enabling their atomic structures to be deduced.
	2015	Professor Peter Higgs CH FRS	male	Theoretical Physicist	United Kingdom
British theoretical physicist who predicted the Higgs boson and the mechanism giving particles mass, confirmed at CERN in 2012; Nobel laureate. he win the Copley Medal for hisfundamental contribution to particle physics with his theory explaining the origin of mass in elementary particles, confirmed by the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
	2014	Sir Alec John Jeffreys Also won: Albert Einstein World Award of Science (23 November 1996)	male	Geneticist (DNA fingerprinting / forensic genetics)	United Kingdom
Jeffreys, professor of genetics at the University of Leicester, invented DNA fingerprinting and DNA profiling in 1984, revolutionizing forensic science, paternity testing, and immigration cases; his method helped convict Colin Pitchfork in the first murder case solved by DNA evidence. Knighted in 1994, he received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 1996 and the Copley Medal in 2014.
	2013	Sir Andre Geim FRS	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
Russian-born physicist and British citizen who isolated graphene in 2004 with Konstantin Novoselov, sharing the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal for hisnumerous scientific contributions and, in particular, for initiating research on two‐dimensional atomic crystals and their artificial heterostructures.
	2012	Sir John Walker FMedSci FRS	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
British chemist who determined the structure of ATP synthase, explaining its rotary catalytic mechanism; shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisground-breaking work on bioenergetics, discovering the mechanism of ATP synthesis in the mitochondrion.
	2011	Dan McKenzie	male	Geophysicist	United Kingdom
British geophysicist who formulated the mathematical theory of plate tectonics on a sphere and pioneered models of mantle convection and sedimentary basins. he win the Copley Medal for hisseminal contributions to the understanding of geological and geophysical phenomena including tectonic plates.
	2010	David Cox	male	Statistician	United Kingdom
British statistician who developed the Cox proportional hazards model in 1972, foundational to survival analysis across medicine and science. he win the Copley Medal for hisseminal contributions to the theory and applications of statistics.
	2010	Tomas Lindahl	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
Swedish-British biochemist who discovered DNA repair mechanisms, including base excision repair, explaining how cells combat DNA decay; 2015 Nobel laureate. he win the Copley Medal for hisseminal contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry of DNA repair.
	2009	Martin Evans	male	Developmental Biologist	United Kingdom
British developmental biologist who first isolated mouse embryonic stem cells and developed gene targeting, enabling knockout mice; 2007 Nobel laureate. he win the Copley Medal for hisseminal work on embryonic stem cells in mice, which revolutionised the field of genetics.
	2008	Roger Penrose	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British mathematician and physicist who proved black holes are a robust prediction of general relativity; shared the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal for hisbeautiful and original insights into many areas of mathematics and mathematical physics. Sir Roger has made outstanding contributions to general relativity theory and cosmology, most notably for his work on black holes and the Big Bang.
	2007	Robert May	male	Ecologist / theoretical biologist	Australia
Australian-British ecologist who applied chaos theory to population dynamics and disease spread, serving as UK Chief Scientific Adviser and Royal Society President. he win the Copley Medal for hisseminal studies of interactions within and among biological populations that have reshaped our understanding of how species, communities and entire ecosystems respond to natural or human created disturbance.
	2006	Stephen Hawking Also won: Breakthrough Prize (2013)	male	Theoretical physicist and cosmologist	United Kingdom
Stephen Hawking won the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics For his discovery of Hawking radiation from black holes, and his deep contributions to quantum gravity and quantum aspects of the early Universe.
	2005	Paul Nurse Also won: Albert Einstein World Award of Science (02 October 2013)	male	Geneticist / cell biologist (cell cycle control)	United Kingdom
British geneticist, former Director of the Francis Crick Institute and past President of the Royal Society and Rockefeller University. Discovered the cdc2/Cdk1 gene controlling cell-cycle progression, foundational to understanding cell division. Shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Leland Hartwell and Tim Hunt. Received the Albert Einstein World Award of Science in 2013.
	2004	Harold Kroto	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
British chemist who co-discovered buckminsterfullerene, the football-shaped carbon-60 molecule, revealing a new form of carbon and earning the 1996 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his seminal contributions to understanding the fundamental dynamics of carbon chain molecules, leading to the detection of these species (polyynes) in the interstellar medium by radioastronomy.
	2003	John Gurdon	male	Developmental biologist	United Kingdom
British developmental biologist who pioneered nuclear transfer cloning, proving mature cells can be reprogrammed; shared the 2012 Nobel Prize in Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisunique range of groundbreaking discoveries in the fields of cell and developmental biology.
	2002	John Pople	male	Theoretical chemist	United Kingdom
British-American theoretical chemist who developed computational methods for quantum chemistry, including the Gaussian software, winning the 1998 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisdevelopment of computational methods in quantum chemistry. His work transformed density functional theory into a powerful theoretical tool for chemistry, chemical physics and biology.
	2001	Jacques Francis Albert Pierre Miller	male	Immunologist	Australia
French-born Australian immunologist who discovered the thymus's role in immunity and identified T cells and B cells, foundational to modern immunology. he win the Copley Medal for hiswork on the immunological function of the thymus and of T cells, which has revolutionised the science of immunology.
	2000	Alan Rushton Battersby	male	Organic chemist	United Kingdom
British organic chemist who elucidated the biosynthetic pathways of vitamin B12, chlorophyll, and other natural pigments through elegant isotope-labeling experiments. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneering work in elucidating the detailed biosynthetic pathways to all the major families of plant alkaloids.
	1999	John Maynard Smith	male	Evolutionary biologist	United Kingdom
British evolutionary biologist who applied game theory to evolution, introducing the evolutionarily stable strategy concept and reshaping understanding of animal behavior. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his seminal contributions to evolutionary biology.
	1998	James Michael Lighthill	male	Applied mathematician	United Kingdom
British applied mathematician renowned for foundational work in fluid dynamics and aeroacoustics, explaining how turbulent airflow generates sound; died swimming. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his profound contributions to many fields within fluid mechanics including important aspects of the interaction of sound and fluid flow and numerous other contributions which have had practical applications in aircraft engine design.
	1997	Hugh Esmor Huxley	male	Molecular biologist	United Kingdom
British molecular biologist who co-discovered the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy techniques. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneering work on the structure of muscle and on the molecular mechanisms of muscle contraction, providing solutions to one of the great problems in physiology.
	1996	Alan Cottrell	male	Metallurgist / materials scientist	United Kingdom
British metallurgist and materials scientist who developed foundational theories of dislocations and solute atmospheres in metals, transforming modern metallurgy. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his contribution to the understanding of mechanical properties of materials and related topics through his pioneering studies on crystal plasticity, dislocation impurity interactions, fracture and irradiation effects.
	1995	FJ Fenner	male	Virologist	Australia
Australian virologist who led the World Health Organization's successful global smallpox eradication campaign and pioneered research on myxomatosis in rabbits. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his contribution to animal virology with special emphasis on the pox and myxomatosis viruses and their relationship with the host in causing disease.
	1994	Charles Frank	male	Theoretical physicist	United Kingdom
British theoretical physicist known for the Frank-Read source explaining dislocation multiplication in crystals, advancing solid-state physics and crystallography. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his fundamental contribution to the theory of crystal morphology.
	1993	JD Watson	male	Molecular biologist / geneticist	United States
American molecular biologist who co-discovered the double-helix structure of DNA with Francis Crick in 1953, earning the 1962 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his tireless pursuit of DNA, from the elucidation of its structure to the social and medical implications of the sequencing of the human genome.
	1992	Lord Porter of Luddenham	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
British chemist who pioneered flash photolysis to study fast chemical reactions and free radicals, sharing the 1967 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his contributions to fundamental understanding of fast photochemical and photophysical processes and their role in chemistry and biology.
	1991	Sydney Brenner	male	Molecular biologist	United Kingdom
South African-born British molecular biologist who established C. elegans as a model organism and helped decipher the genetic code; Nobel laureate. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his many contributions to molecular genetics and developmental biology, and his recent role in the Human Genome mapping project.
	1990	Abdus Salam	male	Theoretical physicist	Pakistan
Pakistani theoretical physicist who shared the 1979 Nobel Prize for unifying the electromagnetic and weak forces; first Pakistani Nobel laureate. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his work on the symmetries of the laws of nature, and especially the unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces.
	1989	Cesar Milstein	male	Biochemist	Argentina
Argentine-British biochemist who co-invented the hybridoma technique for producing monoclonal antibodies, sharing the 1984 Nobel Prize in Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his outstanding contributions to immunology, in particular to the discovery of monoclonal antibodies and to the understanding of the role of somatic mutations in the maturation of the immune response.
	1988	Michael Atiyah	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British mathematician who proved the Atiyah-Singer index theorem linking topology and analysis, winning the Fields Medal and Abel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a wide range of topics in geometry, topology, analysis and theoretical physics.
	1987	Robert Hill	male	Plant biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who discovered the Hill reaction, showing isolated chloroplasts release oxygen when illuminated, foundational to understanding photosynthesis mechanisms. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneering contributions to the understanding of the nature and mechanism of the main pathway of electron transport in photosynthesis.
	1986	Rudolf Peierls	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
German-born British theoretical physicist who co-authored the Frisch-Peierls memorandum showing an atomic bomb was feasible, shaping the Manhattan Project. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his fundamental contributions to a very wide range of theoretical physics, and signal advances in proposing the probable existence of nuclear chain reactions in fissile materials.
	1985	Aaron Klug	male	Chemist and biophysicist	United Kingdom
Lithuanian-born British molecular biologist awarded the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy to study nucleic acid-protein complexes. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of complex biological structures and the methods used for determining them.
	1984	Dr. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Also won: Padma Vibhushan (1968) , Adams Prize (1948)	male	Astrophysicist	United States
Indian-American astrophysicist who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical work on stellar structure, defining the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarfs. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished work on theoretical physics, including stellar structure, theory of radiation, hydrodynamic stability and relativity.
	1983	Rodney Robert Porter	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for determining the chemical structure of antibodies and immunoglobulins. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of immunoglobulins and of the reactions involved in activating the complement system of proteins.
	1982	John Cornforth	male	Organic chemist	United Kingdom
Australian-British chemist awarded the 1975 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, despite profound deafness. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished research on the stereochemically-controlled synthesis and biosynthesis of biologically important molecules.
	1981	Peter Dennis Mitchell	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for formulating the chemiosmotic theory explaining ATP synthesis via proton gradients in mitochondria. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction.
	1980	Peter Dennis Mitchell	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for formulating the chemiosmotic theory explaining ATP synthesis via proton gradients in mitochondria. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contribution to biology in his formulation and development of the chemiosmotic theory of energy transduction.
	1979	Max Ferdinand Perutz	male	Molecular biologist	United Kingdom
Austrian-born British molecular biologist who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the three-dimensional structure of haemoglobin. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to molecular biology through his own studies of the structure and biological activity of haemoglobin and his leadership in the development of the subject.
	1978	Robert Burns Woodward	male	Organic chemist	United States
American chemist awarded the 1965 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, celebrated for pioneering total synthesis of complex natural products like quinine, cholesterol, and chlorophyll. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his masterly contributions to the synthesis of complex natural products and his discovery of the importance of orbital symmetry.
	1977	Frederick Sanger	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist and double Nobel laureate (1958, 1980) who developed methods for sequencing proteins (insulin) and DNA, transforming molecular biology. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemical structure of proteins and his studies on the sequences of nucleic acids.
	1976	Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin	male	Chemist (X-ray crystallographer)	United Kingdom
British chemist who won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for determining the structures of penicillin, vitamin B12, and insulin using X-ray crystallography. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of her outstanding work on the structures of complex molecules, particularly Penicillin, vitamin B12 and insulin.
	1975	Francis Crick	male	Molecular biologist and physicist	United Kingdom
British molecular biologist who, with James Watson, co-discovered the double-helix structure of DNA in 1953, earning the 1962 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his elucidation of the structure of DNA and his continuing contribution to molecular biology.
	1974	William Hodge Also won: Adams Prize (1936)	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
Scottish mathematician renowned for Hodge theory in algebraic geometry and topology, and for formulating the still-unsolved Hodge conjecture. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneering work in algebraic geometry, notably in his theory of harmonic integrals. and in 1936 win Adams Prize for The theory of algebraic systems of curves on an algebraic surface.
	1973	AF Huxley	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who, with Alan Hodgkin, developed the Hodgkin-Huxley model explaining nerve impulse propagation, earning the 1963 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his outstanding studies on the mechanisms of the nerve impulse and of activation of muscular contraction.
	1972	Nevill Mott	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
British physicist who shared the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physics for theoretical work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered amorphous systems. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his original contributions over a long period to atomic and solid state physics.
	1971	Norman Wingate Pirie	male	Biochemist and virologist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who co-crystallized tobacco mosaic virus, clarifying the nature of viruses, and later pioneered leaf protein concentrate research to combat malnutrition. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry and especially for his elucidation of the nature of plant viruses.
	1969	Peter Medawar	male	Biologist (immunologist)	United Kingdom
Brazilian-born British biologist who won the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering acquired immunological tolerance, enabling organ transplantation. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished studies of tissue transplantation and immunological tolerance.
	1968	T Reichstein	male	Chemist	Switzerland
Polish-born Swiss chemist who shared the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research on hormones of the adrenal cortex, including cortisone. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished work on the chemistry of vitamin C and his authoritative studies of the cortico-steroids.
	1967	B Katz	male	Biophysicist	United Kingdom
German-born British biophysicist who shared the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on neurotransmitter release at nerve terminals. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of the fundamental processes involved in transmission across the neuromuscular junction.
	1966	Lawrence Bragg	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
Australian-born British physicist who, with his father, won the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics for founding X-ray crystallography, becoming its youngest-ever laureate. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the development of methods of structural determination by X-ray diffraction.
	1965	AL Hodgkin	male	Physiologist and biophysicist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who, with Andrew Huxley, explained the ionic mechanism of nerve impulses, winning the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his discovery of the mechanism of excitation and impulse conduction in nerve, and his outstanding leadership in the development of neurophysiology.
	1964	Sydney Chapman Also won: Adams Prize (1928)	male	Mathematician and geophysicist	United Kingdom
British mathematician and geophysicist known for the Chapman-Enskog theory of gases and pioneering work on geomagnetism, atmospheric physics, and the aurora. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his theoretical contributions to terrestrial and interplanetary magnetism, the ionosphere and the aurora borealis. and in 1928 win Adams Prize for The variations in the Earth's magnetic field in relation to electric phenomena in the upper atmosphere and on the Earth
	1963	Paul Fildes	male	Bacteriologist	United Kingdom
British bacteriologist who pioneered chemical microbiology and bacterial nutrition studies, and led Britain's biological warfare research program at Porton Down. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneering contributions to bacteriology.
	1962	Cyril Hinshelwood	male	Physical chemist	United Kingdom
British physical chemist awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on the mechanism of chemical reactions and chain reaction kinetics. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished researches in the field of chemical kinetics, including the study of biological reaction mechanisms, and of his outstanding contributions to natural philosophy.
	1961	Hans Krebs	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
German-born British biochemist who discovered the citric acid cycle of cellular respiration, winning the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to biochemistry, in particular his work on the ornithine, tricarboxylic acid and glyoxylate cycles.
	1960	Sir Harold Jeffreys Also won: Adams Prize (1926)	male	Mathematician, statistician, and geophysicist	United Kingdom
British mathematician, statistician, and geophysicist who advanced Bayesian statistics and theories of Earth's internal structure, seismology, and planetary formation. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished work in many branches of geophysics, and also in the theory of probability and astronomy.
	1959	Macfarlane Burnet	male	Virologist and immunologist	Australia
Australian virologist and immunologist who developed the clonal selection theory of acquired immunity, sharing the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to knowledge of viruses and of immunology.
	1958	John Edensor Littlewood	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British mathematician renowned for analytic number theory and his long collaboration with G. H. Hardy on the circle method and inequalities. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to many branches of analysis, including Tauberian theory, the Riemann zeta function, and non-linear differential equations.
	1957	Howard Florey	male	Pathologist	Australia
Australian-British pathologist who, with Ernst Chain, developed penicillin into a usable drug, sharing the 1945 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished contributions to experimental pathology and medicine.
	1956	Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
British physicist who improved the Wilson cloud chamber for cosmic-ray research, winning the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his outstanding studies of cosmic ray showers and heavy mesons and in the field of palaeomagnetism.
	1955	Ronald Fisher	male	Statistician and geneticist	United Kingdom
British statistician and geneticist, a founder of modern statistical science and population genetics, known for analysis of variance and maximum likelihood methods. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his numerous and distinguished contributions to developing the theory and application of statistics for making quantitative a vast field of biology.
	1954	Edmund Whittaker	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British mathematician known for work in mathematical physics and celestial mechanics, and for his influential textbook A Course of Modern Analysis. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished contributions to both pure and applied mathematics and to theoretical physics.
	1953	Albert Jan Kluyver	male	Microbiologist	Netherlands
Dutch microbiologist who established the unity of biochemistry concept, showing common metabolic pathways across microorganisms, plants, and animals through comparative biochemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished contributions of a fundamental character to the science of microbiology.
	1952	Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac	male	Theoretical physicist	United Kingdom
British theoretical physicist who formulated the Dirac equation, unifying quantum mechanics and relativity, predicted antimatter, and won the 1933 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his remarkable contributions to relativistic dynamics of a particle in quantum mechanics.
	1951	David Keilin	male	Biochemist and parasitologist	United Kingdom
British biochemist and parasitologist, born in Poland, who discovered cytochromes and elucidated their central role in cellular respiration and electron transport. he win the Copley Medal for hisfundamental researches in the fields of protozoology, entomology and the biochemistry of enzymes.
	1950	James Chadwick	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
British physicist who discovered the neutron in 1932, earning the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics and enabling nuclear fission research. he win the Copley Medal for hisoutstanding work in nuclear physics and in the development of atomic energy, especially for his discovery of the neutron.
	1949	George Charles De Hevesy	male	Chemist	Hungary
Hungarian chemist who pioneered radioactive isotopes as tracers in chemical and biological research, winning the 1943 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished work on the chemistry of radioactive elements and especially for his development of the radioactive tracer techniques in the investigation of biological processes.
	1948	Archibald Vivian Hill	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who pioneered study of heat production in muscle contraction, sharing the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished researches on myothermal problems and on biophysical phenomena in nerve and other tissues.
	1947	Godfrey Harold Hardy	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British mathematician renowned for work in number theory and mathematical analysis, his collaboration with Littlewood and Ramanujan, and A Mathematician's Apology. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished part in the development of mathematical analysis in England during the last thirty years.
	1946	Edgar Douglas Adrian	male	Physiologist and neurophysiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist and neuroscientist who studied nerve impulse transmission and sensory function, sharing the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished researches on the fundamental nature of nervous activity, and recently on the localization of certain nervous functions.
	1945	Oswald Theodore Avery	male	Bacteriologist and immunologist	United States
American-Canadian bacteriologist whose 1944 experiments with colleagues proved DNA, not protein, carries hereditary information, founding molecular genetics and modern biology. he win the Copley Medal for hissuccess in introducing chemical methods in the study of immunity against infective diseases.
	1944	Geoffrey Taylor	male	Physicist and mathematician (fluid dynamicist)	United Kingdom
British physicist and mathematician who made foundational contributions to fluid dynamics, turbulence theory, and wave theory, shaping twentieth-century aerodynamics and engineering. he win the Copley Medal for hismany contributions to aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and the structure of metals, which have had a profound influence on the advance of physical science and its applications.
	1943	Joseph Barcroft	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who studied blood, respiration, and oxygen transport, discovering how hemoglobin's oxygen affinity changes, advancing understanding of altitude and fetal physiology. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished work on respiration and the respiratory function of the blood.
	1942	Robert Robinson	male	Organic chemist	United Kingdom
British organic chemist, 1947 Nobel laureate, who determined structures of alkaloids like morphine and strychnine and pioneered synthetic routes to penicillin. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearch work of outstanding originality and brilliance which has influenced the whole field of organic chemistry.
	1941	Thomas Lewis	male	Cardiologist	United Kingdom
Welsh-born British cardiologist regarded as father of clinical cardiac electrophysiology, pioneering use of the electrocardiograph to study heart rhythm disorders and disease. he win the Copley Medal for hisclinical and experimental investigations upon the mammalian heart.
	1940	Paul Langevin	male	Physicist	France
French physicist who developed Langevin dynamics and paramagnetism theory, and pioneered ultrasonic sonar detection during World War I for submarine location. he win the Copley Medal for hispioneer work on the electron theory of magnetism, his fundamental contributions to discharge of electricity in gases, and his important work in many branches of theoretical physics.
	1939	Thomas Hunt Morgan	male	Geneticist and embryologist	United States
American geneticist whose fruit-fly experiments established the chromosome theory of heredity, winning the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisestablishment of the modern science of genetics which had revolutionized our understanding, not only of heredity, but of the mechanism and nature of evolution.
	1938	Niels Bohr	male	Physicist	Denmark
Danish physicist who developed the Bohr model of the atom and pioneered quantum theory, winning the 1922 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his distinguished work in the development of the quantum theory of atomic structure.
	1937	Henry Dale	male	Pharmacologist and physiologist	United Kingdom
British pharmacologist and physiologist who identified acetylcholine as a chemical neurotransmitter, sharing the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his important contributions to physiology and pharmacology, particularly in relation to the nervous and neuro-muscular systems.
	1936	Arthur Evans	male	Archaeologist	United Kingdom
British archaeologist who excavated the Palace of Knossos on Crete, uncovering and naming the Bronze Age Minoan civilization of ancient Greece. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his pioneer work in Crete, particularly his contributions to the history and civilization of its Minoan age.
	1935	Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
Scottish physicist who invented the cloud chamber for visualizing charged particle tracks, earning the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal for hiswork on the use of clouds in advancing our knowledge of atoms and their properties.
	1934	John Scott Haldane	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
Scottish physiologist who pioneered study of respiratory gases, decompression sickness prevention, and mine safety, developing early oxygen therapy and gas masks. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his discoveries in human physiology and of their application to medicine, mining, diving and engineering.
	1933	Theobald Smith	male	Pathologist and bacteriologist	United States
American pathologist who proved Texas cattle fever is transmitted by ticks, the first demonstration of an insect-borne infectious disease, founding modern parasitology. he win the Copley Medal for hisoriginal research and observation on diseases of animals and man.
	1932	George Ellery Hale	male	Astronomer and astrophysicist	United States
American astronomer who founded the Yerkes and Mount Wilson observatories and discovered magnetic fields in sunspots using the spectroheliograph he invented. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished work on the solar magnetic phenomena and for his eminence as a scientific engineer, especially in connexion with Mount Wilson Observatory.
	1931	Arthur Schuster	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
German-born British physicist who researched spectroscopy, X-rays, and terrestrial magnetism, and helped establish the discipline of mathematical statistics in physics. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished researches in optics and terrestrial magnetism.
	1930	William Bragg	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
British physicist who, with son Lawrence, founded X-ray crystallography, sharing the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics for determining crystal structures. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished contributions to crystallography and radioactivity.
	1929	Max Planck	male	Theoretical physicist	Germany
German theoretical physicist who originated quantum theory by proposing energy is quantized, winning the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to theoretical physics and especially as the originator of the quantum theory.
	1928	Charles Parsons	male	Engineer	United Kingdom
British engineer who invented the compound steam turbine, revolutionizing marine propulsion and electricity generation, demonstrated dramatically aboard his vessel Turbinia. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to engineering science.
	1927	Charles Sherrington	male	Neurophysiologist	United Kingdom
British neurophysiologist who coined the term 'synapse' and elucidated reflex action and nervous system integration, sharing the 1932 Nobel Prize in Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished work on neurology.
	1926	Frederick Hopkins	male	Biochemist	United Kingdom
British biochemist who discovered 'accessory food factors,' later called vitamins, and identified tryptophan, winning the 1929 Nobel Prize in Medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisdistinguished and fruitful work in biochemistry.
	1925	Albert Einstein	male	Theoretical physicist	Germany
German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, reshaping understanding of space, time, and gravity; awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics. he win the Copley Medal for histheory of relativity and his contributions to the quantum theory.
	1924	E Sharpey-Schafer	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who, with George Oliver, discovered the pressor effects of adrenal and pituitary gland extracts, pioneering the science of endocrinology. For the valuable work he has done in physiology and histology and the position he now occupies as a leader in these sciences.
	1923	Horace Lamb	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
British applied mathematician renowned for his treatise Hydrodynamics and for contributions to fluid dynamics, acoustics, and seismology, including the Lamb waves he described. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in mathematical physics.
	1922	Ernest Rutherford	male	Physicist	New Zealand
New Zealand-born physicist called the father of nuclear physics; discovered the atomic nucleus and radioactive half-life, winning the 1908 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in radio activity & atomic structure.
	1921	Joseph Larmor Also won: Adams Prize (1899)	male	Physicist and mathematician	United Kingdom
Irish physicist and mathematician who developed electron theory and equations anticipating Lorentz transformations, and served as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in mathematical physics. and in 1899 win Adams Prize for The Theory of the Aberration of Light
	1920	Horace Brown	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
British chemist who pioneered enzyme and carbohydrate chemistry, studying starch, cellulose, and plant respiration, with major applications to brewing and malting science. On the ground of his work on the chemistry of carbohydrates.
	1919	William M Bayliss	male	Physiologist	United Kingdom
British physiologist who, with Ernest Starling, discovered secretin, the first identified hormone, establishing endocrinology and the modern concept of chemical messengers in the body. On the ground of his researches in general physiology & biophysics.
	1918	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz	male	Physicist	Netherlands
Dutch physicist who formulated the Lorentz transformations underlying special relativity, and shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics for work on electromagnetic radiation. On the ground of his distinguished researches in mathematical physics.
	1917	Emil Roux	male	Physician and bacteriologist	France
French physician and bacteriologist who co-developed the diphtheria antitoxin serum therapy and co-founded and later directed the Pasteur Institute in Paris. On the ground of his eminence as a bacteriologist, and as a pioneer in serum therapy.
	1916	James Dewar	male	Chemist and physicist	United Kingdom
Scottish chemist and physicist who invented the vacuum-insulated Dewar flask and was the first to liquefy hydrogen, advancing low-temperature and cryogenic physics. he win the Copley Medal for hisimportant investigations in physical chemistry, more especially his researches on the liquefaction of gases.
	1915	Ivan Petrovich Pavlov	male	Physiologist	Russia
Russian physiologist famous for discovering classical conditioning through experiments on digestive reflexes in dogs; awarded the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. On the ground of his investigations in the physiology of digestion and of the higher centres of the nervous system.
	1914	Joseph John Thomson Also won: Adams Prize (1883)	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
English physicist, Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, who discovered the electron in 1897 and proposed the "plum pudding" atomic model; awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics and mentored seven Nobel laureates and in 1883 win Adams Prize for A general investigation of the action upon each other of two closed vortices in a perfectly incompressible fluid
	1913	Ray Lankester	male	Zoologist	United Kingdom
British zoologist and evolutionary biologist who directed the Natural History Museum, advanced comparative anatomy and degeneration theory, and championed Darwinian evolution in Britain. On the ground of the high scientific value of the researches in zoology carried out by him.
	1912	Felix Klein	male	Mathematician	Germany
German mathematician known for the Erlangen Program unifying geometry through group theory, and for describing the non-orientable surface now called the Klein bottle. On the ground of his researches in mathematics.
	1911	George Howard Darwin	male	Astronomer and mathematician	United Kingdom
British astronomer and mathematician, son of Charles Darwin, who studied tidal friction and theorized that the Moon originated from a molten early Earth. On the ground of his researches on tidal theory, the figures of the planets, and allied subjects.
	1910	Francis Galton	male	Polymath (statistician, anthropologist, geneticist)	United Kingdom
British polymath who pioneered statistical correlation and regression, studied human heredity and intelligence, and controversially founded the eugenics movement bearing lasting scientific criticism. On the ground of his researches in heredity.
	1909	George William Hill	male	Astronomer and mathematician	United States
American astronomer and mathematician celebrated for his highly precise lunar theory and pioneering contributions to celestial mechanics, including periodic orbit solutions in dynamics. On the ground of his researches in mathematical astronomy.
	1908	Alfred Russel Wallace	male	Naturalist	United Kingdom
British naturalist and biologist who independently conceived the theory of evolution by natural selection, prompting Charles Darwin's joint 1858 announcement of the theory. On the ground of the great value of his numerous contributions to natural history, and of the part he took in working out the theory of the origin of species by natural selection.
	1907	Albert Abraham Michelson	male	Physicist	United States
American physicist who conducted the Michelson-Morley experiment and precisely measured the speed of light, becoming the first American to win a science Nobel Prize. On the ground of his investigations in optics.
	1906	Elias Metchnikoff	male	Zoologist and microbiologist (immunologist)	Russia
Russian-French zoologist who discovered phagocytosis, the process by which cells engulf pathogens, founding cellular immunology and sharing the 1908 Nobel Prize in Medicine. On the ground of the importance of his work in zoology and in pathology.
	1905	Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleeff	male	Chemist	Russia
Russian chemist who devised the periodic table of elements, arranging them by atomic weight and predicting properties of then-undiscovered elements. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to chemical and physical science.
	1904	William Crookes	male	Chemist and physicist	United Kingdom
English chemist and physicist who discovered thallium, invented the Crookes tube, and pioneered research into cathode rays and radiant matter. he win the Copley Medal for hislong-continued researches in spectroscopic chemistry, on electrical & mechanical phenomena in highly-rarefied gases, on radio-active phenomena, and other subjects.
	1903	Eduard Suess	male	Geologist	Austria
Austrian geologist who proposed the ancient supercontinent Gondwana and the concept of the biosphere, authoring the influential work Das Antlitz der Erde. he win the Copley Medal for hiseminent geological services, & especially for the original researches & conclusions published in his great work "Das Antlitz der Erde".
	1902	Lord Lister	male	Surgeon	United Kingdom
English surgeon who pioneered antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid, dramatically reducing post-operative infections and revolutionizing surgical practice worldwide. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of the value of his physiological and pathological researches in regard to their influence on the modern practice of surgery.
	1901	J Willard Gibbs	male	Physicist and chemist	United States
American scientist who founded chemical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, formulating the Gibbs free energy concept and the phase rule. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to mathematical physics.
	1900	Marcellin Berthelot	male	Chemist	France
French chemist who pioneered organic synthesis, creating compounds like acetylene and methane in the laboratory, and advanced thermochemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisbrilliant services to chemical science.
	1899	Lord Rayleigh	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
English physicist who co-discovered argon, explained why the sky is blue via Rayleigh scattering, and won the 1904 Nobel Prize. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his contributions to physical science.
	1898	William Huggins	male	Astronomer	United Kingdom
English astronomer who pioneered astronomical spectroscopy, analyzing starlight to determine the chemical composition and motion of stars and nebulae. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in spectrum analysis applied to the heavenly bodies.
	1897	Albert von Kolliker	male	Anatomist and physiologist	Switzerland
Swiss anatomist and physiologist who advanced histology and embryology, demonstrating that nerve fibers originate from nerve cells, and studied tissue microstructure. he win the Copley Medal In recognition of his important work in embryology, comparative anatomy, and physiology, and especially for his eminence as a histologist.
	1896	Karl Gegenbaur	male	Anatomist	Germany
German anatomist who founded evolutionary comparative anatomy, using morphological evidence to support Darwinian theory and mentoring the young Ernst Haeckel. he win the Copley Medal for hislife-long researches in comparative anatomy in all branches of the animal kingdom.
	1895	Karl Weierstrass	male	Mathematician	Germany
German mathematician known as the father of modern analysis, formalizing calculus with rigorous epsilon-delta definitions of limits and continuity. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations in pure mathematics.
	1894	Edward Frankland	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
English chemist who developed the theory of valency in organometallic chemistry and pioneered water quality analysis and sanitary chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hiseminent services to theoretical & applied chemistry.
	1893	George Gabriel Stokes	male	Mathematician and physicist	United Kingdom
Irish-born mathematician and physicist who formulated Stokes' law of viscosity, contributed to the Navier-Stokes equations, and studied fluorescence and light. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches and discoveries in physical science.
	1892	Rudolf Virchow	male	Physician and pathologist	Germany
German physician known as the father of modern pathology, establishing cellular pathology and the principle that all cells arise from cells. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations in pathology, pathological anatomy, and prehistoric archaeology.
	1891	Stanislao Cannizzaro	male	Chemist	Italy
Italian chemist who revived Avogadro's hypothesis, helping establish a consistent system of atomic weights and molecular theory in chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hiscontributions to chemical philosophy especially for his application of Avogadros theory.
	1889	George Salmon	male	Mathematician and theologian	Ireland
Irish mathematician and theologian who advanced algebraic geometry and invariant theory, and served as Provost of Trinity College Dublin. he win the Copley Medal for hisvarious papers on subjects of pure mathematics, and for the valuable mathematical treatises of which he is the author.
	1888	Thomas Henry Huxley	male	Biologist	United Kingdom
English biologist known as 'Darwin's Bulldog' for his vigorous public defense of evolution by natural selection and comparative anatomy work. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations on the morphology and histology of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and for his services to biological science in general during many past years.
	1887	Joseph Dalton Hooker	male	Botanist and explorer	United Kingdom
English botanist and explorer who directed Kew Gardens, advanced plant geography, and was a close friend and supporter of Charles Darwin. he win the Copley Medal for hisservices to botanical science as an investigator, author, and traveller.
	1886	Franz Ernst Neumann	male	Physicist and mineralogist	Germany
German physicist and mineralogist who advanced mathematical physics and crystallography, formulating Neumann's principle and contributing to elasticity theory and optics. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in theoretical optics and electro-dynamics.
	1885	August Kekule	male	Chemist	Germany
German organic chemist who proposed the ring structure of benzene, reportedly inspired by a dream, advancing structural theory of chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in organic chemistry.
	1884	Carl Ludwig	male	Physiologist and physician	Germany
German physiologist who invented the kymograph, pioneered graphic recording methods in physiology, and founded Leipzig's influential Physiological Institute, training generations of scientists. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations in physiology, and the great services which he has rendered to physiological science.
	1883	William Thomson	male	Mathematical physicist and engineer	United Kingdom
Irish-born physicist and engineer (Lord Kelvin) who established the absolute temperature scale, advanced thermodynamics, and helped develop the transatlantic telegraph cable. For (1) his discovery of the law of the universal dissipation of energy; (2) his researches and eminent services in physics, both experimental & mathematical, especially in the theory of electricity and thermodynamics.
	1882	Arthur Cayley	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
English mathematician who founded modern matrix algebra, proved the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, and made foundational contributions to group theory and algebraic geometry. he win the Copley Medal for hisnumerous profound and comprehensive researches in pure mathematics.
	1881	Charles-Adolphe Wurtz	male	Chemist	France
French chemist who discovered the Wurtz reaction for forming carbon-carbon bonds, championed atomic theory, and advanced organic chemistry education in France. he win the Copley Medal for hisdiscovery of the organic ammonias, the glycols, and other investigations which have exercised considerable influence on the progress of chemistry.
	1880	James Joseph Sylvester	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
English mathematician who coined the terms 'matrix' and 'discriminant', made major contributions to invariant theory, and founded the American Journal of Mathematics. he win the Copley Medal for hislong continued investigations & discoveries in mathematics.
	1879	Rudolph Julius Emmanuel Clausius	male	Physicist and mathematician	Germany
German physicist who formulated the second law of thermodynamics and introduced the concept and term 'entropy', foundational to modern thermal physics. he win the Copley Medal for hiswell-known researches upon heat.
	1878	Jean Baptiste Boussingault	male	Agricultural chemist	France
French agricultural chemist who founded experimental field-plot research, studied nitrogen's role in plant nutrition, and pioneered scientific methods for improving crop fertilization. he win the Copley Medal for hislong-continued and important researches and discoveries in agricultural chemistry.
	1877	James Dwight Dana	male	Geologist and mineralogist	United States
American geologist and mineralogist whose System of Mineralogy became a foundational text, and who pioneered studies of volcanoes, coral reefs, and mountain-building. he win the Copley Medal for hisbiological, geological, and mineralogical investigations, carried on through half a century, and for the valuable works in which his conclusions and discoveries have been published.
	1876	Claude Bernard	male	Physiologist	France
French physiologist who discovered the liver's glycogenic function, pioneered the concept of the internal environment (milieu intérieur), and founded modern experimental medicine. he win the Copley Medal for hisnumerous contributions to the science of physiology.
	1875	August Wilhelm Hofmann	male	Organic chemist	Germany
German organic chemist who researched coal-tar derivatives like aniline, helping launch the synthetic dye industry, and introduced the term 'valence' to chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for hisnumerous contributions to the science of chemistry, and especially for his researches on the derivatives of ammonia.
	1874	Louis Pasteur	male	Chemist and microbiologist	France
French chemist and microbiologist who developed pasteurization, disproved spontaneous generation, and created vaccines for rabies and anthrax, founding modern microbiology and immunology. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches on fermentation and on pelerine.
	1873	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Helmholtz	male	Physicist and physician	Germany
German physicist and physician who formulated the law of conservation of energy, invented the ophthalmoscope, and advanced physiological optics and acoustics. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in physics and physiology.
	1872	Friedrich Wohler	male	Chemist	Germany
German chemist who synthesized urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate in 1828, challenging vitalism, and first isolated the elements beryllium and yttrium. he win the Copley Medal for hisnumerous contributions to the science of chemistry.
	1871	Julius Robert von Mayer	male	Physician and physicist	Germany
German physician and physicist who independently stated the law of conservation of energy in 1841 and calculated the mechanical equivalent of heat. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches on the mechanics of heat; including essays on: - 1. The force of inorganic nature. 2. Organic motion in connection with nutrition. 3. Fever. 4. Celestial dynamics. 5. The mechanical equivalent of heat.
	1870	James Prescott Joule	male	Physicist	United Kingdom
English physicist who established the mechanical equivalent of heat and the law of energy conservation; the joule unit of energy is named after him. he win the Copley Medal for hisexperimental researches on the dynamical theory of heat.
	1869	Henri Victor Regnault	male	Chemist and physicist	France
French chemist and physicist known for precise measurements of gas and steam thermal properties, producing data tables vital to steam-engine design. For the second volume of his Relation des Experiences pour determiner les lois et les donnees physiques necessaries au calcul des machines a feu.
	1868	Charles Wheatstone	male	Physicist and inventor	United Kingdom
English physicist and inventor who developed the Wheatstone bridge for measuring resistance, invented the stereoscope, and advanced telegraphy with William Fothergill Cooke. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in acoustics, optics, electricity and magnetism.
	1867	Karl Ernst von Baer	male	Naturalist and embryologist	Russia
Baltic German naturalist regarded as the founder of embryology, who discovered the mammalian ovum and formulated von Baer's laws of embryonic development. he win the Copley Medal for hisdiscoveries in embryology and comparative anatomy, and for his contributions to the philosophy of zoology.
	1866	Julius Plucker	male	Mathematician and physicist	Germany
German mathematician and physicist who advanced analytic and line geometry, developed Plucker coordinates, and pioneered early cathode-ray research anticipating the electron's discovery. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in analytical geometry, magnetism, & spectral analysis.
	1865	Michel Chasles	male	Mathematician	France
French mathematician and geometer known for his historical survey of geometric methods, contributions to projective geometry, and enumerative solution of the conic problem. he win the Copley Medal for hishistorical and original researches in pure geometry.
	1864	Charles Darwin	male	Naturalist and biologist	United Kingdom
English naturalist who proposed evolution by natural selection in On the Origin of Species, revolutionizing biology and the understanding of species diversity. he win the Copley Medal for hisimportant researches in geology, zoology, and botanical physiology.
	1863	Adam Sedgwick	male	Geologist	United Kingdom
English geologist and Cambridge professor who helped found modern geology, defined the Cambrian geological period, and mentored many prominent nineteenth-century scientists. he win the Copley Medal for hisoriginal observations and discoveries in the geology of the Palaeozoic Series of rocks.
	1862	Thomas Graham	male	Chemist	United Kingdom
Scottish chemist who pioneered colloid chemistry and dialysis, formulated Graham's law of gas diffusion, and helped establish physical chemistry as a discipline. For three memoirs of the diffusion of liquids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850 and 1851; for a memoir on osmotic force in the Philosophical Transactions for 1854; and particularly for a paper on liquid diffusion.
	1861	Louis Agassiz	male	Naturalist and glaciologist	Switzerland
Swiss-American naturalist renowned for pioneering studies of glaciers and the ice age theory, plus extensive classification research on fossil fish. he win the Copley Medal for hiseminent researches in palaeontology and other branches of science, and particularly for his great works the Poissons Fossiles, and his Poissons du Vieux Gres Rouge dEcosse.
	1860	Robert Wilhelm Bunsen	male	Chemist	Germany
German chemist who co-invented spectroscopy with Kirchhoff, discovered the elements caesium and rubidium, and popularized the gas burner bearing his name. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches on cacodyls, gaseous analysis, the volcanic phenomena of Iceland; and other researches.
	1860	Wilhelm Eduard Weber	male	Physicist	Germany
German physicist who worked with Gauss on electromagnetism and telegraphy and established absolute electrical units; the SI unit weber honors him. For the investigations contained in his Maasbestimmungen and other researches.
	1858	Charles Lyell	male	Geologist	United Kingdom
Scottish geologist whose Principles of Geology established uniformitarianism, profoundly influencing Charles Darwin and shaping modern geological and evolutionary thought. he win the Copley Medal for hisvarious researches and writings by which he has contributed to the advance of geology.
	1857	Michael Eugene Chevreul	male	Chemist	France
French chemist who studied fatty acids and soap-making chemistry, discovered principles of simultaneous color contrast, and remained scientifically active past age 100. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in organic chemistry, particularly on the composition of the fats, andf for his researches on the contrast of coulours.
	1856	Henry Milne-Edwards	male	Zoologist	France
French zoologist and comparative anatomist specializing in crustaceans, who introduced the influential concept of physiological division of labor within organisms. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in comparative anatomy and zoology.
	1855	Jean Bernard Leon Foucault	male	Physicist	France
French physicist who demonstrated Earth's rotation with the famous Foucault pendulum and made precise experimental measurements of the speed of light. he win the Copley Medal for hisvarious researches in experimental physics.1854 Johannes Muller. he win the Copley Medal for hisimportant contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata.
	1854	Johannes Peter Müller	male	Physiologist and comparative anatomist	Germany
German physiologist who helped found modern physiology, formulated the doctrine of specific nerve energies, and mentored a generation of leading scientists. he win the Copley Medal for hisimportant contributions to different branches of physiology and comparative anatomy, and particularly for his researches on the embryology of the Echinodermata, contained in a series of memoirs published in the Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin
	1853	Heinrich Wilhelm Dove	male	Physicist and meteorologist	Germany
German physicist and meteorologist who studied storm systems, formulated the law of gyration of winds, and advanced understanding of polarized light. he win the Copley Medal for hiswork on the distribution of heat over the surface of the Earth.
	1852	Alexander von Humboldt	male	Naturalist and explorer	Germany
Prussian naturalist and explorer whose extensive South American expeditions founded biogeography and profoundly shaped nineteenth-century scientific exploration and geography. he win the Copley Medal for hiseminent services in terrestrial physics, during a series of years.
	1851	Richard Owen	male	Biologist and paleontologist	United Kingdom
English biologist and paleontologist who coined the term Dinosauria and founded London's Natural History Museum, despite later opposing Darwinian evolution. On account of his important discoveries in comparative anatomy & palaeontology, contained in the Philosophical Transactions and numerous other works.
	1850	Peter Andreas Hansen	male	Astronomer	Denmark
Danish-German astronomer renowned for his highly precise lunar theory and tables predicting the Moon's motion, greatly improving celestial navigation accuracy. he win the Copley Medal for hisresearches in physical astronomy.
	1849	Roderick Impey Murchison	male	Geologist	United Kingdom
Scottish geologist who defined the Silurian geological system and conducted extensive stratigraphic surveys establishing rock sequences across Europe and Russia. For the eminent services he has rendered to geological science during many years of active observation in several parts of Europe.
	1848	John Couch Adams	male	Mathematician and astronomer	United Kingdom
English mathematician and astronomer who mathematically predicted the existence and position of Neptune before its telescopic discovery in 1846. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus, and for his application of the inverse problem of perturbations thereto.
	1847	John Frederick William Herschel	male	Astronomer and polymath	United Kingdom
English polymath astronomer who cataloged stars and nebulae, pioneered photographic chemistry, and coined terms including photography, positive, and negative. he win the Copley Medal for hiswork entitled Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837 and 1838, at the Cape of Good Hope; being a completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825.
	1846	Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier	male	Mathematician and astronomer	France
French mathematician and astronomer who calculated Neptune's existence and position independently of Adams, directly leading to its 1846 discovery. he win the Copley Medal for hisinvestigations relative to the disturbances of Uranus by which he proved the existence and predicted the place of the new Planet.
	1845	Theodor Schwann	male	Physiologist	Germany
German physiologist who co-founded cell theory, discovered Schwann cells and the enzyme pepsin, and advanced understanding of fermentation and metabolism. he win the Copley Medal for hisphysiological researches on the development of animal & vegetable textures, published in his work entitled Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur u. dem Wachsthun der Thiese u. Bflanzen.
	1844	Carlo Matteucci	male	Physicist / physiologist	Italy
Italian physicist and physiologist who pioneered electrophysiology, demonstrating electric currents generated by injured and contracting muscle tissue.
	1843	Jean Baptiste Dumas	male	Chemist	France
French chemist who determined atomic weights and vapor densities, advanced organic chemistry's substitution theory, and became a prominent science administrator. he win the Copley Medal for his late valuable researches in organic chemistry.
	1842	James MacCullagh	male	Mathematician / physicist	Ireland
Irish mathematical physicist celebrated for his theoretical work on the wave theory of light, crystal optics, and reflection and refraction; died by suicide. he win the Copley Medal for his researches connected with the wave theory of light, contained in the Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy.
	1841	George Simon Ohm	male	Physicist	Germany
German physicist who formulated Ohm's law, describing the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance, a cornerstone of electrical science. he win the Copley Medal for his researches into the laws of electric currents contained in various memoirs published in Schweiggers Journal, Poggendorffs Annalen and in a separate work entitled Die galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet.
	1840	Jacques Charles Francois Sturm	male	Mathematician	France
French mathematician known for Sturm's theorem locating real roots of polynomials and for co-developing Sturm–Liouville theory in differential equations. he win the Copley Medal for his "Memoire sur la Resolution des Equations Numeriques," published in the Memoires des Savans Etrangers for 1835.
	1840	Justus Liebig	male	Chemist	Germany
German chemist who founded modern organic and agricultural chemistry, invented the Liebig condenser, and pioneered the use of mineral fertilizers. he win the Copley Medal for his discoveries in organic chemistry, and particularly for his development of the composition and theory of organic radicals.
	1839	Robert Brown	male	Botanist	United Kingdom
Scottish botanist who identified the cell nucleus and discovered Brownian motion, the random jittering of particles suspended in fluid, while examining pollen. he win the Copley Medal for his discoveries during a series of years, on the subject of vegetable impregnation.
	1838	Karl Friedrich Gauss	male	Mathematician	Germany
German mathematician and physicist, called the 'Prince of Mathematicians,' who made foundational contributions to number theory, statistics, geometry, and magnetism. he win the Copley Medal for his inventions and mathematical researches in magnetism.
	1838	Michael Faraday	male	Scientist (physicist / chemist)	United Kingdom
English scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, laying the groundwork for electric motors, generators, and modern electrochemistry. he win the Copley Medal for his researches in specific electrical induction.
	1837	Antoine César Becquerel	male	Physicist	France
French physicist and pioneer of electrochemistry who studied electric currents produced by minerals and crystals; grandfather of Nobel laureate Henri Becquerel. he win the Copley Medal for his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France, and particularly for those on the production of crystals of metallic sulphurets and of sulphur, by the long-continued action of electricity of very low tension, and published in the tenth volume of those Memoires.
	1837	John Frederic Daniell	male	Chemist / meteorologist	United Kingdom
English chemist and meteorologist who invented the Daniell cell, an early dependable electric battery, and improved instruments for measuring atmospheric humidity. John Frederic Daniell. he win the Copley Medal for his various memoirs on the subject of electricity, published in the Memoires deacademie Royale des Sciences de lInstitut de France.
	1836	Jons Jacob Bezelius	male	Chemist	Sweden
Swedish chemist regarded as a founder of modern chemistry who determined atomic weights, devised chemical symbol notation, and discovered several elements. he win the Copley Medal for his systematic application of the doctrine of definite proportions to the analysis of mineral bodies, as contained in his Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie, and in other of his works.
	1836	Francis Kiernan	male	Anatomist / physiologist	United Kingdom
Irish-born London anatomist who described the liver's lobular structure and identified 'Kiernan's spaces,' advancing understanding of hepatic anatomy. he win the Copley Medal for his discoveries relating to the structure of the liver, as detailed in his paper communicated to the Royal Society, and published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1833.
	1835	William Snow Harris	male	Physicist / inventor	United Kingdom
English physicist and inventor who developed effective lightning-conductor systems for Royal Navy warships, greatly reducing storm-related losses; knighted for the work. he win the Copley Medal for his experimental investigations of the force of electricity of high intensity contained in the Philosophical Transactions of 1834.
	1834	Giovanni Plana	male	Astronomer / mathematician	Italy
Italian astronomer and mathematician known for his detailed theory of the Moon's motion and contributions to celestial mechanics and elliptic integrals. he win the Copley Medal for his work entitled, Theorie du Mouvement de la Lune.
	1832	Michael Faraday	male	Scientist (physicist / chemist)	United Kingdom
English scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism, laying the groundwork for electric motors, generators, and modern electrochemistry. he win the Copley Medal for his researches in specific electrical induction.
	1832	Simeon Denis Poisson	male	Mathematician / physicist	France
French mathematician and physicist known for the Poisson distribution, Poisson's equation in electrostatics and gravitation, and work in celestial mechanics. he win the Copley Medal for his work entitled, Nouvelle Theorie de lAction Capillaire.
	1831	George Biddell Airy	male	Astronomer	United Kingdom
English Astronomer Royal for 46 years who modernized Greenwich Observatory, cemented the Greenwich meridian's status, and researched optics and geophysics. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers, On the principle of the construction of the Achromatic Eye-pieces of Telescopes, - On the Spherical Aberration of the Eye-pieces of Telescopes, and for other Papers on Optical Subjects.
	1827	William Prout and Henry Foster	male	Physician/Chemist; Naval Officer/Scientist	United Kingdom
William Prout, an English physician-chemist, discovered hydrochloric acid in gastric juice and proposed Prout's hypothesis on atomic weights; Henry Foster, a Royal Navy officer, conducted pendulum and geomagnetic surveys worldwide before drowning in 1831.
	1826	James South	male	Astronomer	United Kingdom
English astronomer noted for cataloguing double stars in collaboration with John Herschel, work for which the pair jointly received the Royal Society's Gold Medal. he win the Copley Medal for his observations of Double Stars, and his Paper on the Discordances between the Suns observed and computed Right Ascensions, published in the Transactions of the Society.
	1825	Francois Arago	male	Astronomer / physicist / statesman	France
French astronomer and physicist who advanced optics and electromagnetism research, directed the Paris Observatory, and briefly led France's government in 1848. For the Discovery of the Magnetic Properties of substances not containing Iron. For the Discovery of the power of various bodies, principally metallic.
	1825	Peter Barlow	male	Mathematician and physicist	England
English mathematician and physicist at Woolwich, known for the Barlow lens, research on ship compass deviation, and an early electric motor design. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications on the subject of Magnetism.
	1824	John Brinkley	male	Astronomer and Anglican bishop	Ireland
English-born astronomer who became Ireland's first Royal Astronomer, directed Dunsink Observatory for decades, and later served as Anglican Bishop of Cloyne. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications to the Royal Society.
	1823	John Pond	male	Astronomer	England
English astronomer, sixth Astronomer Royal, who modernized Greenwich Observatory and produced a highly accurate 1833 catalogue of over 1,000 star positions. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications to the Royal Society.
	1822	William Buckland	male	Geologist, palaeontologist, and theologian	England
English geologist and palaeontologist who gave the first scientific description of a fossil dinosaur, Megalosaurus, and later served as Dean of Westminster. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on the Fossil Teeth and Bones discovered in a Cave at Kirkdale.
	1821	Edward Sabine	male	Physicist, geophysicist, and army officer	Ireland
Irish-born physicist and geophysicist who established a global network of magnetic observatories and discovered the correlation between sunspot cycles and Earth's geomagnetism. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications to the Royal Society relating to his researches made in the late Expedition to the Arctic Regions.
	1821	John FW Herschel	male	Astronomer, mathematician, chemist, and photography pioneer	England
English polymath astronomer who catalogued nebulae and moons of Saturn and Uranus, coined the word 'photography,' and pioneered key photographic techniques. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1820	John Christian Oersted	male	Physicist and chemist	Denmark
Danish physicist and chemist who discovered in 1820 that electric currents create magnetic fields, founding the field of electromagnetism. he win the Copley Medal for his Electro-magnetic Discoveries.
	1818	Robert Seppings	male	Naval architect	England
English naval architect who revolutionized warship construction with diagonal hull bracing, greatly increasing strength, and served as Surveyor of the Navy. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers on the construction of Ships of War, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1817	Henry Kater	male	Physicist	England
English physicist best known for inventing Kater's pendulum, a precise instrument used to accurately measure Earth's gravitational acceleration and improve geodetic surveying. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments on the Pendulum.
	1815	David Brewster	male	Physicist and inventor	United Kingdom
Scottish physicist who pioneered the study of light polarization, discovered Brewster's angle, and invented the kaleidoscope and an improved lenticular stereoscope. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on the Polarization of Light by Reflection from Transparent Bodies.
	1814	James Ivory	male	Mathematician	United Kingdom
Scottish mathematician known for Ivory's theorem on the gravitational attraction of ellipsoids, work that advanced celestial mechanics and mathematical astronomy in Britain. he win the Copley Medal for his various Mathematical Contributions printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1813	William Thomas Brande	male	Chemist	England
English chemist who first isolated lithium by electrolysis in 1821, succeeded Humphry Davy as Royal Institution chemistry professor, and wrote influential textbooks. he win the Copley Medal for his Communications concerning the Alcohol contained in Fermented Liquors and other Papers, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1811	Benjamin Collins Brodie	male	Surgeon and physiologist	England
English surgeon and physiologist whose 1818 treatise on joint diseases promoted conservative treatment over amputation, later serving as Royal Society president. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions. On the influence of the Brain on the action of the Heart, and the generation of Animal Heat; and on the different modes in which death is brought on by certain Vegetable Poisons.
	1809	Edward Troughton	male	Scientific instrument maker	England
English instrument maker regarded as Britain's finest maker of astronomical and surveying instruments, creating precision devices such as the Groombridge transit circle. For the Account of his Method of dividing Astronomical Instruments, printed in the last volume of the Philosophical Transactions.
	1808	William Henry	male	Chemist and physician	England
English chemist and physician who formulated Henry's Law describing gas solubility in liquids under pressure, a foundational principle in physical chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for his various papers communicated to the society, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1807	Everard Home	male	Surgeon and anatomist	England
English surgeon and anatomist who described an early ichthyosaur fossil and platypus anatomy, later found to have plagiarized John Hunter's research. he win the Copley Medal for his various Papers on Anatomy and Physiology, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1806	Thomas Andrew Knight	male	Horticulturist and botanist	England
English horticulturist and plant physiologist who led the Royal Horticultural Society, pioneered fruit tree breeding, and studied gravity's effect on plant growth. he win the Copley Medal for his various Papers on Vegetation, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1805	Humphry Davy	male	Chemist and inventor	England
English chemist who isolated potassium, sodium, calcium, and other elements by electrolysis, invented the miners' safety lamp, and pioneered electrochemistry. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications published in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1804	Smithson Tennant	male	Chemist	England
English chemist who discovered the elements iridium and osmium in platinum ore residues, and showed that diamond is pure carbon. he win the Copley Medal for his various Chemical Discoveries communicated to the Society, and printed in several volumes of the Philosophical Transactions.
	1803	Richard Chenevix	male	Chemist and mineralogist	Ireland
Irish chemist and mineralogist who won the Copley Medal in 1803 despite wrongly disputing William Wollaston's discovery of the element palladium. he win the Copley Medal for his various Chemical Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1802	William Hyde Wollaston	male	Chemist and physicist	England
English chemist and physicist who discovered palladium and rhodium and developed a method for producing malleable platinum, advancing analytical chemistry techniques. he win the Copley Medal for his various Papers printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1801	Astley Paston Cooper	male	Surgeon and anatomist	England
Eminent English surgeon and anatomist known for pioneering vascular surgery, including the first ligation of the abdominal aorta, at Guy's Hospital. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers - on the effects which take place from the destruction of the Membrana Tympani of the Ear; with an account of an operation for the removal of a particular species of Deafness.
	1800	Edward Howard	male	Chemist	England
English chemist who discovered mercury fulminate, enabling percussion caps, and conducted pioneering chemical analysis of meteorites confirming their extraterrestrial origin. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on a New Fulminating Mercury.
	1799	John Hellins	male	Mathematician, astronomer and clergyman	England
English mathematician and Church of England clergyman who contributed calculations to the Nautical Almanac and published papers on mathematical astronomy and fluxions. he win the Copley Medal for his improved Solution of a problem in Physical Astronomy, &c. printed in the Philosophical Transactions for the year 1798; and his other Mathematical Papers.
	1798	Charles Hatchett	male	Chemist	England
English chemist and mineralogist who discovered the element niobium, originally called columbium, in 1801 while analyzing a mineral sample from America. he win the Copley Medal for his Chemical Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1798	George Shuckburgh Evelyn	male	Astronomer, mathematician and politician	England
English baronet, astronomer and mathematician who built a private observatory, made precise scientific instrument measurements, and served as a Member of Parliament. he win the Copley Medal for his various Communications printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1796	George Attwood	male	Mathematician and physicist	England
English mathematician best known for inventing the Atwood machine, a device demonstrating Newton's laws of motion and uniform acceleration. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on the construction and analysis of geometrical propositions determining the positions assumed by homogeneal bodies which float freely, and at rest; and also determining the Stability of Ships and other floating bodies.
	1795	Jesse Ramsden	male	Scientific instrument maker	England
English instrument maker celebrated for inventing a precision dividing engine and crafting highly accurate telescopes, theodolites, and other scientific instruments. he win the Copley Medal for his various inventions and improvements in the construction of the Instruments for the Trigonometrical measurements carried on by the late Major General Roy, and by Lieut. Col. Williams and his associates.
	1794	Volta, of Pavia	male	Physicist	Italy
Italian physicist and professor at the University of Pavia who invented the voltaic pile in 1800, the first electric battery. he win the Copley Medal for his several Communications explanatory of certain Experiments published by Professor Galvani.
	1792	Benjamin, Count of Rumford	male	Physicist and inventor	United States
Anglo-American physicist and statesman, ennobled as Count Rumford, whose experiments on friction and heat challenged caloric theory; co-founded the Royal Institution. he win the Copley Medal for his various Papers on the Properties and Communication of Heat.
	1791	James Rennell	male	Geographer and surveyor	England
English geographer and surveyor, first Surveyor General of Bengal, who mapped India extensively and is regarded as a founder of modern oceanography. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on the Rate of Travelling as performed by Camels, printed in the last (81st) volume of the Philosophical Transactions.
	1791	John Andrew de Luc	male	Geologist and meteorologist	Switzerland
Swiss-born geologist and meteorologist who improved the mercury barometer, studied atmospheric pressure and altitude, and became reader to Queen Charlotte in England. he win the Copley Medal for his Improvements in Hygrometry.
	1789	William Morgan	male	Actuary and mathematician	United Kingdom
Welsh mathematician and pioneering actuary who worked for the Equitable Life Assurance Society, advancing statistical methods for calculating life insurance premiums. he win the Copley Medal for his two Papers on the values of Reversions and Survivorships, printed in the two last volumes of the Philosophical Transactions.
	1788	Charles Blagden	male	Physician and scientist	England
English physician and scientist, secretary of the Royal Society, known for experiments on extreme heat tolerance and the freezing points of solutions. he win the Copley Medal for his two Papers on Congelation, printed in the last (78th) volume of the Philosophical transactions.
	1787	John Hunter	male	Surgeon and anatomist	United Kingdom
Scottish surgeon widely regarded as the founder of scientific surgery, pioneering experimental physiology, comparative anatomy, and evidence-based surgical technique in London. he win the Copley Medal for his three Papers, - On the Ovaria, On the identity of the dog, wolf, and jackall species, and On the anatomy of Whales, printed in the Philosophical Transactions for 1787.
	1785	William Roy	male	Military engineer and surveyor	United Kingdom
Scottish military engineer and surveyor whose triangulation survey of Britain laid the scientific foundation for the establishment of the national Ordnance Survey. he win the Copley Medal for his Measurement of a Base on Hounslow Heath.
	1784	Edward Waring	male	Mathematician	England
English mathematician and Lucasian Professor at Cambridge, known for Waring's problem in number theory and influential contributions to algebra and analysis. he win the Copley Medal for his Mathematical Communications to the Society. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper On the Summation of Series, whose general term is a determinate function of z the distance from the first term of the series.
	1783	John Goodricke	male	Astronomer	England
Deaf English astronomer who proposed that the periodic dimming of the star Algol was caused by an eclipsing companion, pioneering variable-star astronomy. he win the Copley Medal for his discovery of the Period of the Variation of Light in the Star Algol.
	1783	Thomas Hutchins	male	Naturalist and explorer	England
English naturalist and Hudson's Bay Company chief factor who conducted pioneering scientific observations of cold, magnetism, and wildlife at Hudson Bay, Canada. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments to ascertain the point of Mercurial Congelation.
	1782	Richard Kirwan	male	Chemist, mineralogist and geologist	Ireland
Irish chemist and mineralogist, president of the Royal Irish Academy, who advanced mineral classification and contributed influential early studies in meteorology. As a reward for the merit of his labours in the science of Chemistry. he win the Copley Medal for his chemical analyses of Salts.
	1781	William Herschel	male	Astronomer and composer	England
German-born British astronomer who discovered Uranus in 1781, the first planet found since antiquity, and pioneered deep-sky observation. For the Communication of his Discovery of a new and singular Star; a discovery which does him particular honour, as, in all probability, this start has been for many years, perhaps ages, within the bounds of astronomic vision.
	1780	Samuel Vince	male	Clergyman, mathematician and astronomer	England
English clergyman, mathematician and Plumian Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge, known for research on the motion and resistance of fluids. he win the Copley Medal for his paper, entitled, An investigation of the Principles of Progressive and Rotatory Motion, printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1778	Charles Hutton	male	Mathematician and surveyor	England
English mathematician and Royal Military Academy professor who calculated Earth's density and mass from Nevil Maskelyne's Schiehallion mountain gravity experiment data. he win the Copley Medal for his paper, entitled, The force of Fired Gunpowder, and the initial velocity of Cannon Balls, determined by Experiments.
	1777	John Mudge	male	Physician and telescope maker	England
English physician and telescope maker who devised improved methods for casting and polishing parabolic mirrors for reflecting telescopes, advancing Newton's optics. On account of his valuable Paper containing directions for making the best Composition for the metals of Reflecting Telescopes; together with a description of the process for grinding, polishing, and giving the best speculum the true parabolic form.
	1776	James Cook	male	Royal Navy explorer and cartographer	England
British Royal Navy explorer and cartographer who charted the Pacific and prevented scurvy on long voyages through diet and hygiene. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper, giving an account of the method he had taken to preserve the health of the crew of H.M. Ship the Resolution, during her late voyage round the world. Whose communication to the Society was of such importance to the public.
	1775	Nevil Maskelyne	male	Astronomer (Astronomer Royal)	England
British Astronomer Royal who established the Nautical Almanac, promoted the lunar-distance method for longitude, and conducted the Schiehallion density experiment. In consideration of his curious and laborious Observations on the Attraction of Mountains, made in Scotland, - on Schehallien.
	1773	John Walsh	male	Scientist and politician	England
British scientist and MP who demonstrated that the shock from torpedo fish was electrical, advancing early understanding of bioelectricity. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper on the Torpedo.
	1772	Joseph Priestley	male	Chemist and natural philosopher	England
English chemist and theologian who discovered oxygen and several other gases, and is credited with inventing carbonated soda water. On account of the many curious and useful Experiments contained in his observations on different kinds of Air, read at the Society in March, 1772, and printed in the Philosophical Transactions.
	1771	Matthew Raper	male	Astronomer, mathematician and antiquarian	England
English astronomer, mathematician and antiquarian who studied ancient coinage, determining the monetary values of ancient Greek and Roman currencies. he win the Copley Medal for his paper entitled, An Enquiry into the value of ancient Greek and Roman Money.
	1770	William Hamilton	male	Diplomat and volcanologist	England
British diplomat and volcanologist, envoy to Naples, who sent detailed scientific accounts of Vesuvius eruptions to the Royal Society. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper, entitled, An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna.
	1769	William Hewson	male	Surgeon and anatomist	England
English surgeon and anatomist, father of haematology, who demonstrated the lymphatic system's function and isolated the blood-clotting protein fibrin. he win the Copley Medal for his Two Papers, entitled, An Account of the Lymphatic System in Amphibious Animals, - and An Account of the Lymphatic System in Fish.
	1768	Peter Woulfe	male	Chemist and mineralogist	Ireland
Irish chemist and mineralogist who invented the Woulfe's bottle gas-purification apparatus and discovered picric acid, later used as dye and explosive. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, and other substances.
	1767	John Ellis	male	Naturalist and merchant	England
British naturalist and linen merchant who gave the Venus flytrap its first published scientific description and studied corals and marine invertebrates. he win the Copley Medal for his Papers of the year 1767, On the animal nature of the Genus of Zoophytes called Corallina, and the Actinia Sociata, or Clustered Animal Flower, lately found on the sea coasts of the new-ceded Islands.
	1766	Henry Cavendish	male	Chemist and physicist	England
English chemist and physicist who discovered hydrogen, determined the composition of air and water, and measured Earth's density. he win the Copley Medal for his Paper communicated this present year, containing his Experiments relating to Fixed Air.
	1766	William Brownrigg	male	Physician and chemist	England
English physician and chemist, first to identify platinum as a distinct metal, who also studied gases in mineral waters. For an experimental enquiry into the Mineral Elastic Spirit, or Air, contained in Spa-Water; as well as into the Mephitic qualities of this Spirit.
	1766	Edward Delaval	male	Natural philosopher	England
English natural philosopher and scholar who researched the chemical and optical properties of metals and glass, and played musical glasses. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments and Observations on the agreement between the specific gravities of the several Metals, and their colours when united to glass, as well as those of their other preparations.
	1764	John Canton	male	Physicist	England
English physicist who invented the pith-ball electroscope, verified Franklin's theory that lightning is electrical, and devised artificial magnets. he win the Copley Medal for his very ingenious and elegent Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids.
	1760	Benjamin Wilson	male	Portrait painter and natural philosopher	England
English portrait painter and natural philosopher who studied electrical phenomena, notably the properties of tourmaline crystals, and rivaled Joshua Reynolds. he win the Copley Medal for his many curious Experiments in Electricity, communicated to the Society within the year.
	1759	John Smeaton	male	Civil engineer	England
English civil engineer, father of civil engineering, who designed the third Eddystone Lighthouse and studied the mechanics of waterwheels and windmills. On account of his curious Experiments concerning Water-wheels and Wind-mill Sails, communicated to the Society.
	1758	John Dollond	male	Optician and instrument maker	England
English optician who developed and patented the achromatic lens, combining different types of glass to eliminate chromatic aberration in telescopes. On account of his curious Experiments and Discoveries concerning the different refrangibility of the Rays of Light, communicated to the Society.
	1757	Charles Cavendish	male	Natural philosopher and politician	England
English nobleman, MP, and experimental scientist who improved thermometers and rain-gauge design; father of chemist Henry Cavendish and Royal Society Copley Medal recipient. On account of his very curious and useful invention of making Thermometers, showing respectively the greatest degrees of heat and cold which have happened at any time during the absence of the observer.
	1755	John Huxham	male	Physician	England
English physician in Plymouth who studied fevers, described the illness now known as diphtheria, and devised Huxham's tincture, an antimalarial cinchona preparation. he win the Copley Medal for his many useful Experiments on Antimony, of which an account had been read to the Society.
	1754	William Lewis	male	Chemist and physician	England
English chemist and physician who pioneered practical platinum metallurgy, investigated Prussian blue and cobalt pigments, and wrote influential chemical reference works. For the many Experiments made by him on Platina, which tend to the discovery of the sophistication of gold: - which he would have entirely completed, but was obliged to put a stop to his further enquiries for want of materials.
	1753	Benjamin Franklin	male	Polymath: scientist, inventor, statesman, printer	United States
American polymath and Founding Father whose kite experiment demonstrated the electrical nature of lightning, leading directly to his invention of the lightning rod. On account of his curious Experiments and Observations on Electricity.
	1752	John Pringle	male	Physician	United Kingdom
Scottish physician regarded as the founder of modern military medicine, promoting hospital sanitation and antiseptics; later served as President of the Royal Society. On account of his very curious and useful Experiments and Observations on Septic and Anti-septic Substances, communicated to the Society.
	1751	John Canton	male	Physicist	England
English physicist who invented the pith-ball electroscope, verified Franklin's theory that lightning is electrical, and devised artificial magnets. he win the Copley Medal for his very ingenious and elegent Experiments in the Air Pump and Condensing Engine, to prove the Compressibility of Water, and some other Fluids.
	1750	George Edwards	male	Naturalist and ornithologist	England
English naturalist called the father of British ornithology, whose illustrated volumes 'A Natural History of Uncommon Birds' documented and depicted species worldwide. On account of a very curious Book lately published by him, and intiyled, A Natural History of Birds.
	1749	John Harrison	male	Carpenter and clockmaker	England
Self-taught English carpenter and horologist who invented the marine chronometer, solving the longitude problem and revolutionizing accurate navigation at sea. On account of those very curious Instruments, invented and made by him, for the exact mensuration of Time.
	1748	James Bradley	male	Astronomer and clergyman	England
English Astronomer Royal who discovered the aberration of starlight and the nutation of Earth's axis, providing the first direct observational proof of Earth's orbital motion. On account of his very curious and wonderful discoveries in the apparent motion of the Fixed Stars, and the causes of such apparent motion.
	1747	Gowin Knight	male	Physician and physicist	England
English physician and physicist who developed powerful artificial magnets and an improved mariner's compass, and became the British Museum's first principal librarian. On account of several very curious Experiments exhibited by him, both with Natural and Artificial Magnets.
	1746	Benjamin Robins	male	Mathematician and military engineer	England
English mathematician whose book 'New Principles of Gunnery' founded modern ballistics, using an invented ballistic pendulum to measure projectile velocity experimentally. On account of his curious Experiments for showing the resistance of the Air, and his rules for establishing his doctrine thereon for the motion of Projectiles.
	1745	William Watson	male	Physician and natural philosopher	England
English physician and electrical experimenter who demonstrated transmission of an electric charge over long distances and helped advance early theories of electricity. On account of the surprising discoveries in the phenomena of Electricity, exhibited in his late Experiments.
	1744	Henry Baker	male	Naturalist and microscopist	England
English naturalist and poet who popularized microscopy for a general audience, studied polyps and crystallization, and co-founded the Royal Society of Arts. he win the Copley Medal for his curious Experiments relating to the Crystallization or Configuration of the minute particles of Saline Bodies dissolved in a menstruum.
	1743	Abraham Trembley	male	Naturalist	Switzerland
Swiss naturalist celebrated for pioneering experiments on freshwater hydra, discovering their extraordinary regenerative ability and helping found experimental zoology. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments on the Polypus.
	1742	Christopher Middleton	male	Naval officer and Arctic explorer	England
English sea captain who commanded a 1741-42 Hudson Bay expedition searching for the Northwest Passage and made pioneering observations of magnetic compass dip. For the communication of his Observations in the attempt of discovering a North-West passage to the East Indies through Hudsons Bay.
	1741	John Theophilus Desaguliers	male	Natural philosopher, clergyman, and engineer	England
French-born British natural philosopher and clergyman who popularized Newtonian physics through public lectures and demonstrations, and improved the Newcomen steam engine. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year.
	1740	Alexander Stuart	male	Physician and physiologist	United Kingdom
Scottish physician and physiologist who conducted pioneering experimental research on muscular motion and the lymphatic system, and served as physician to Queen Caroline. he win the Copley Medal for his Lectures on Muscular Motion.
	1739	Stephen Hales	male	Clergyman, physiologist, and chemist	England
English clergyman-scientist who first directly measured blood pressure in animals, pioneered experimental plant physiology, and invented ventilation systems for ships and prisons. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments towards the Discovery of Medicines for dissolving the Stone; and Preservatives for keeping Meat in long voyages at Sea.
	1738	James Valoue	male	Instrument maker and engineer	England
Little-documented English instrument maker and engineer who received the Copley Medal for inventing a portable fire engine used for pumping water to extinguish fires. he win the Copley Medal for his invention of an Engine for driving the Piles to make a Foundation for the Bridge to be erected at Westminster.
	1737	John Belchier	male	Surgeon	England
English surgeon at Guy's Hospital who discovered that the dye madder stains growing bone tissue red, an observation that advanced understanding of bone growth. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiment to show the property of a Diet of Madder Root in dyeing the Bones of living animals of a red colour.
	1736	John Theophilus Desaguliers	male	Natural philosopher, clergyman, and engineer	England
French-born British natural philosopher and clergyman who popularized Newtonian physics through public lectures and demonstrations, and improved the Newcomen steam engine. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year.
	1734	John Theophilus Desaguliers	male	Natural philosopher, clergyman, and engineer	England
French-born British natural philosopher and clergyman who popularized Newtonian physics through public lectures and demonstrations, and improved the Newcomen steam engine. he win the Copley Medal for his Experiments towards the discovery of the properties of Electricity. As an addition to his allowance (as Curator) for the present year.
	1732	Stephen Gray	male	Astronomer and physicist	England
English scientist, originally a dyer, who discovered electrical conduction and insulation by distinguishing conductors from non-conductors, winning the first-ever Copley Medal. For the Experiments he made for the year 1732.
	1731	Stephen Gray	male	Astronomer and physicist	England
English scientist, originally a dyer, who discovered electrical conduction and insulation by distinguishing conductors from non-conductors, winning the first-ever Copley Medal. For the Experiments he made for the year 1732.